Generated by All in One SEO v5.0.0.1, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Primary Source Educating Global Citizens ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://primarysource.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Pages - [Home](https://primarysource.org/) - Join 2000+ teachers globalizing their classrooms and curricula with our professional development programs, graduate credit- and PDP-earning courses, resource guides, and classroom-ready activities. Our collaborative learning opportunities help K-12 teachers build students' cultural proficiency and civics skills in the classroom. - [Teaching China: Primary Source Publications](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/teaching-china-primary-source-publications/) - Since our founding, Primary Source has been committed to helping students understand the world they live in, and to the conviction that they learn it best by wrestling with the evidence themselves. These two volumes put that into practice. Written by our curriculum specialists and published by Cheng & Tsui, they trace Chinese history from - [Investigating History Original Edition Curriculum](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/investigating-history-original-formatting/) - Investigating History Original Edition Curriculum Investigating History was first released by the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE) as an open-source curriculum for Grades 5–7. Primary Source was honored to serve as the lead author of IH Grades 5-7, a groundbreaking curriculum designed to bring inquiry-driven, standards-based, inclusive history into classrooms across the - [Custom Services](https://primarysource.org/our-services/custom-services/) - Most professional development arrives as a one-size package. We build ours around what your teachers are actually teaching, where your district is in its curriculum, and what your students need. Over the past several years we have partnered with more than 100 Massachusetts districts on curriculum development, professional learning, and implementation support. Ready to talk? - [Our Impact](https://primarysource.org/about-us/our-impact/) - 2.5 million students reached since 1989 1,500+ educators every year 75+ districts this year 56 courses in 2026–27 94% of partner districts return year over year 90%+ of teachers say we exceeded their expectations Lead author of Investigating History, the Massachusetts open-source history curriculum for Grades 5–7. - [Donate now: Help teachers teach a fuller history](https://primarysource.org/engage/donate/) - Empower teachers, inspire students, shape the future! Every gift you make reaches a classroom. Your support puts preparation, primary sources, and confidence in the hands of teachers, so students learn history that is accurate, inclusive, and worth arguing with. Since 1989, we have worked with more than 75 districts each year and thousands of educators - [Engage with Us](https://primarysource.org/engage/) - Partnerships Learn more about our work with educators nationwide. Learn More Curricula We invite you to explore innovative curricula that will engage your students. Learn More Programs Join us for courses and programs that will elevate your teaching. Learn More - [Curriculum](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/) - Making Freedom: African Americans in US History African American history is American history. More than 100 units on the people and movements who insisted this country live up to its promises, flexible enough to integrate into your existing units or build a course around. Learn More Elementary Curriculum Cornertones for Civic Engagement and Straight from - [Partnerships](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/) - Professional Learning Invest in teachers so they can inspire students to become informed, compassionate, and successful global citizens. Learn More Partnerships Become a Partner and bring your educators together for global learning programs, targeted curriculum consultation, and discounts on curricula. Learn More Curriculum Join a community of life-long learners who value global education and are - [Investigating History Professional Development](https://primarysource.org/our-services/investigating-u-s-history-professional-development/) - Primary Source is the author of the Investigating History curriculum for Grades 5–7 and a trusted professional development provider for educators across Massachusetts. With deep content expertise and decades of experience, we offer high-quality, curriculum-aligned training that supports effective and confident implementation of Investigating History in the classroom. Grades 5-7 Unit Overview Modules: These on-demand - [Free Civics Courses: Teaching for Civic Empowerment](https://primarysource.org/our-services/free-civics-courses-teaching-for-civic-empowerment/) - Primary Source is proud to partner with the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education to bring the Teaching for Civic Empowerment program to educators across the Commonwealth. The courses were developed by DESE as part of a statewide initiative to strengthen civic learning in Massachusetts schools. Primary Source serves as a facilitating partner, delivering - [Professional Learning Programs](https://primarysource.org/our-services/professional-learning-programs/) - [Board of Directors](https://primarysource.org/about-us/board/) - Our Board of Directors cares deeply about our mission, and understands that supporting children to become global citizens is essential in today's world. Together with our staff, our Board collectively brings a mix of global experiences to our organization. - [Summer 2026 Graduate Credit Payment Form](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/courses/graduate-credit-payment-form/) - [A More Complete American Story: Asian American History in K-12 Classrooms](https://primarysource.org/engage/a-more-complete-american-story-asian-american-history-in-k-12-classrooms/) - This event relates to Primary Source's ongoing work supporting teachers in bringing more inclusive and inquiry-based history into their classrooms. The discussion will draw on themes from Primary Source's professional learning course Beyond Gold Mountain: Asian American History for Eastern U.S. Classrooms. Register Here for Primary Source's Spring 2026 Community Event Images from Left to - [Primary Source News](https://primarysource.org/engage/news/) - Recent News - [Register for Asian American History in K-12 Classrooms](https://primarysource.org/register-for-asian-american-history-in-k-12-classrooms/) - [Our Partner Schools & Districts](https://primarysource.org/our-services/school-district-partnerships/our-partner-schools-districts/) - Contact the Primary Source representative in your school or district. - [Straight from the Source](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/straight-from-the-source/) - As teachers strive to build students’ skills in understanding and analyzing informational texts – a key feature of the 2018 Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for ELA and Literacy – the need to introduce historical sources to elementary students has become more urgent. Straight from the Source is a collection of 30 exercises in the close reading - [Making Freedom Digital Curriculum](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/making-freedom/) - Primary Source’s groundbreaking digital curriculum, Making Freedom provides content spanning over 400 years of African American history, with inspiring and engaging multi-dimensional lessons and teaching strategies in alignment with MA state standards. View the curriculum at makingfreedomhistory.org! This African American digital curriculum is based on Primary Source’s Making Freedom: African Americans in United States History - [What is Global Education?](https://primarysource.org/about-us/what-is-global-education/) - A global education is one that incorporates learning about the cultures, geographies, histories, and current issues of all the world's regions. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and diversity of peoples and histories. Global education develops students' skills to engage with their global peers and highlights actions students can take as citizens of the world. It is - [Professional Learning](https://primarysource.org/our-services/) - Essential Courses View our upcoming seminars, online programs, and free webinars for all grades and disciplines. Learn More Partnership A Global Learning Partnership is an effective and affordable way to transform your school or district. Learn More Custom Services From one-day workshops to private online courses, let us bring your educators together for global learning. - [History](https://primarysource.org/about-us/history/) - Primary Source is a nonprofit organization based in the Boston area that works to advance global education in schools. Our Founders In the late 1980s, teacher and historian Anna Roelofs was searching for a way to make history more exciting for students. She knew that the key to inspiring children was to get rich content - [Curriculum Ambassadors](https://primarysource.org/curriculum-ambassadors/) - Join Our Team of Curriculum Ambassadors for Making Freedom: African Americans in U.S. History Organization At Primary Source, we believe in the power of understanding the world from diverse perspectives and a future in which all individuals have the skills, knowledge, and empathy to engage with their local and global peers and help solve today’s pressing - [Events](https://primarysource.org/engage/events/) - [Giving Tuesday](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/giving-tuesday-24/) - Many narratives are woven through the tapestry of American history and Primary Source ensures that each one is told with accuracy and empathy. Join Primary Source in empowering educators, enriching learning, and creating inclusive educational experiences so every child can see themselves represented in the classroom. Primary Source Gives Back on Giving TuesdayGiving Tuesday donors - [Invisible Warriors: African American Women in WWII](https://primarysource.org/invisible-warriors-african-american-women-in-wwii/) - Use this form for free registration. - [FAQ](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/faq/) - Do you offer graduate credit?Yes, we offer graduate credit for multi-week live courses and online courses. Webinars and one-day workshops are not eligible for graduate credit but participants can receive PDPs for their participation. Graduate credits are issued through Southern New Hampshire University, but all registration materials, coursework, and assignments are handled by Primary Source. - [Transform the way students understand democracy and citizenship!](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/transform-the-way-students-understand-democracy-and-citizenship/) - Democracy cannot succeed unless those who express their choice are prepared to choose wisely. The real safeguard of democracy, therefore, is education. — FDR’s 1938 message to teachers in honor of American Education Week - [What Teachers Need to Know](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/podcasts/) - Global Insights for K-12 Contexts by Primary Source Do you teach about global cultures or world events in your classroom? If so, Primary Source created this podcast for you. In every compact episode, What Teachers Need to Know offers vital insight for understanding world cultures and current events so that you can facilitate deeper learning about the - [School & District Partnerships](https://primarysource.org/our-services/school-district-partnerships/) - We currently partner with over 40 districts and schools to provide signature learning opportunities and support for advancing global learning in the classroom. From rich programs and resource materials to targeted curriculum consultation, a Primary Source Global Learning Partnership provides school districts and independent schools with an opportunity to make global education a priority in - [Cornerstones for Civic Engagement](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/cornerstones-for-civic-engagement/) - Cornerstones for Civic Engagement is a series of 12 curriculum units with corresponding professional development modules that cultivates civic skills and dispositions in students. All units provide:Culturally responsive and grade-appropriate sources and student materialsContent that integrates with social studies and literacy instruction Civics in Third Grade Social Studies Civic Engagement for Third Graders: Making It - [Celebrate Rosemary Pisano!](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/celebrate-rosemary-pisano/) - Rosemary Pisano has dedicated more than two decades of passion and commitment to advancing our mission. We want to express our appreciation by honoring her as she wraps up her Board presidency later this year. Rosemary’s connection with Primary Source began in 2001 when she traveled with us to China on a teacher study tour. - [Primary Source "Flight to Freedom" Benefit Pledges](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/primary-source-benefit-pledges/) - Pledges made at the event can be fulfilled using this form. Primary Source is a 501c3 nonprofit organization.EIN 04-2911053 - [How You Can Help](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/how-you-can-help/) - Your donation will help us prepare teachers and their students to become thoughtful and engaged citizens, and to thrive in our rapidly changing world. Give a Gift Help us prepare the next generation for a future of global understanding, civic engagement, and cultural tolerance.Send a check to Primary Source, 63 Pleasant Street, Suite 220, Watertown, - [HistoryThon: Amplifying African American History Together](https://primarysource.org/engage/events/2023-historython-a-walkathon-to-support-education-about-african-american-history/) - Saturday, September 30 – Friday, November 10, 2023 HistoryThon 2023 has ended -- read the wrap-up article You can join us! Register as a team leader, an individual, or join a team by clicking the Register button. Registration is $25/person; there is no minimum fundraising* requirement (Free registration for teachers in Primary Source Partner Districts with - [Giving Tuesday](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/giving-tuesday/) - So many stories – Primary Source ensures they’re heard! Join Primary Source in empowering educators, enriching learning, creating inclusive educational experiences for every child, and elevating student skills and dispositions for responsive citizenship. Your support means the world to us! Primary Source is a 501c3 nonprofit organization.Employer Identification Number 04-2911053 - [Make a transformational gift this fall!](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/fall-appeal-2023/) - With the open-source release of Investigating History, our team's groundbreaking 5th-7th grade history and social studies curriculum, our vision of a more inclusive, accurate, student-driven approach to humanities is now the norm for teaching and learning throughout Massachusetts. We invite you to be a part of this transformative journey! Primary Source is a 501c3 nonprofit organization.Employer Identification Number 04-2911053 - [Thank you for your support!](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/thank-you-for-your-support/) - The imperative of dynamic online professional development and informative resources for teachers in history, civics, and the social sciences has never been greater. For the past thirty years, we have collaborated with teachers, schools, and educational organizations to promote cultural awareness, civic understanding, and global competency as an integral part of every student's education. With - [Sharing Our Stories: Two African American History Tours in Bristol, RI](https://primarysource.org/sharing-our-stories-two-african-american-history-tours-in-bristol-ri/) - [IH Track 1](https://primarysource.org/track-2/) - Registration is closed for Track 1 of Investigating History. If you are interested in registering for Track 2, click here. If you have any questions regarding professional development offerings this school year, please contact Sara Wahid at sara@primarysource.org. - [IH Track 2](https://primarysource.org/track-3/) - [Bloomerang Test](https://primarysource.org/bloomerang-test/) - [Register for Worldly Republic: The U.S. and the World in the Nineteenth Century](https://primarysource.org/register-for-worldly-republic-the-u-s-and-the-world-in-the-nineteenth-century/) - Register for Worldly Republic: The U.S. and the World in the Nineteenth Century - [Our Supporters](https://primarysource.org/partnerships/our-supporters/) - Student success requires the knowledge, skills, and dispositions to live in a global society, interact with diverse people, and adapt to rapidly changing work environments. Students whose teachers participate in our programs demonstrate improved understanding of history, greater compassion about diverse countries and peoples, and enhanced comprehension of the world around them. We are able - [Stay Connected](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/member-join/) - Be the first to know about new courses, programs, events, and news by joining our email list. - [One-day Virtual Workshop for Administrators](https://primarysource.org/one-day-virtual-workshop-for-administrators/) - [Track 1](https://primarysource.org/track-1/) - [Legacy of Courage: Black Changemakers in Massachusetts Past, Present, and Future](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/legacy-of-courage-black-changemakers-in-massachusetts-past-present-and-future/) - Overview Legacy of Courage: Black Changemakers in Massachusetts Past, Present, Future chronicles the actions taken by African American changemakers over four centuries of confronting racial injustice as they aspired to a freer and more equal society. This 20-minute film uses archival sources, animation sequences, and interviews with scholars and youth activists to tell an inspiring story. Each - [PRIMARY SOURCE awarded $350,000 Cummings grant](https://primarysource.org/engage/news/primary-source-awarded-350000-cummings-grant/) - Watertown nonprofit receives 10 years of funding from the Cummings Foundation Watertown, MA, June 3, 2022 – PRIMARY SOURCE is one of 140 local nonprofits to receive grants of $100,000 to $500,000 each through Cummings Foundation’s $25 Million Grant Program. The Watertown-based organization was chosen from a total of 580 applicants during a competitive review - [Our Staff](https://primarysource.org/about-us/our-staff/) - [Building Global Schools Toolkit](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/building-global-schools/) - Building a global school requires vision, knowledge, and a dedicated team. How can you and your colleagues initiate or progress in this rewarding endeavor? Drawing on decades of experience conducting global and multicultural professional development for educators, as well as input from teachers and administrators across the country, Primary Source presents here a synthesis of - [Our Co-Founders: Collaboration at its Best](https://primarysource.org/about-us/history/our-co-founders/) - Anna Roelofs and Anne Watt first met 25 years ago when they were asked to run a workshop together on how to teach elementary students about the Soviet Union. "I think I know why the Harvard Outreach Center approached us," said Anne. "We were the only two K-12 educators consistently visiting the center for teaching - [Building Blocks for Global Citizenship](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/building-blocks/bundle-instructions/) - Bundle Purchase Instructions Follow these steps to purchase the bundle: 1. Go to the Building Blocks for Global Citizenship Course Catalog. 2. Click "Building Blocks for Global Citizenship ($75.00)" on the right side of the page under "Bundles." 3. Click "Get all for $75.00" button that appears in the center of the page next to - [Building Blocks for Global Citizenship](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/building-blocks/) - Online Modules for Educators Not sure where to start? Our set of six online modules will help you build a foundation for global awareness and provide concrete examples and strategies for supporting cultural competence in your classroom and school community. Each one-hour module - taken anytime at your own pace and on your own schedule - [Search](https://primarysource.org/search/) - [Contact Us](https://primarysource.org/about-us/contact-us/) - [HistoryThon Image Credits](https://primarysource.org/historython-image-credits/) - Attributions for images included in the banner. These attributions do not imply sponsorship, endorsement, or connection with Primary Source or any affiliated organizations. "A young woman and child on the porch of a small house with disintegrating roof. A pig is in the yard and enclosure behind the building. From the image verso: 'Myrtle's neighbor's - [Terms of Use](https://primarysource.org/terms-of-use/) - The Primary Source, Inc. website (the “Site”) is designed for educational purposes only. Neither Primary Source nor its information contributors make any express or implied representations or warranties that the information contained is in every respect accurate, complete or current. (Or that the site is free of viruses or that it will operate uninterrupted or - [Privacy Policy](https://primarysource.org/privacy-policy/) - This Privacy Policy sets forth the policies of Primary Source, Inc. with respect to nonpublic information you provide to us through this website (the "Site"). These policies may be changed at any time, in which case the revised Privacy Policy will apply to information collected after the date the Privacy Policy is posted. By accessing - [About Us](https://primarysource.org/about-us/) - Our Mission Learn why we care so deeply about ensuring that global education is an integral part of every student's classroom experience. Learn More What is Global Education? Global learning is essential for empowering students to become informed, effective global citizens. Learn More Our Impact Our work with globally-minded teachers creates inspired classrooms and hundreds - [Our Mission](https://primarysource.org/about-us/our-mission/) - Primary Source educates global citizens by working with teachers to foster students’ knowledge, skills, and dispositions for thoughtful and engaged citizenship. With our guidance and resources, teachers cultivate students' civic-mindedness, cultural awareness, and global competence, preparing them for our increasingly diverse and interconnected world. Why? We believe in the power of understanding the world from - [Building Blocks for Global Citizenship](https://primarysource.org/curriculum/building-blocks/faqs/) - F.A.Q.s What are the Building Blocks for Global Citizenship modules?The Building Blocks for Global Citizenship modules are a series of six, independent courses on foundational topics such as global learning, globalization, global citizenship skills, global competency and the Global Goals for Sustainable Development, culturally responsive practice, and connecting to the world.What will I learn in ## People - [Dan Green, Board President](https://primarysource.org/about-us/board/dan-green/) - Dan currently works as Principal of Bigelow Middle School in Newton, MA. He has also served as Principal of Field School in Weston, Vice Principal of Pierce School in Brookline, and as a social studies teacher for over a decade in California, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. As an educator, he participated in several Primary Source trainings, - [Rosemary Hoey Pisano, EdM](https://primarysource.org/about-us/board/rosemary-hoey-pisano-edm/) - Rosemary is a retired teacher with over 25 years of experience teaching grades 4 through 8 in Mississippi, New York, and Massachusetts. She served as project coordinator for the Massachusetts Initiative for International Studies and is currently a member of the Task Force of Global Education Massachusetts. She has been a mediator in the Harvard - [Dr. Elaine McNeil-Girmai](https://primarysource.org/about-us/our-staff/dr-elaine-mcneil-girmai/) - What is a typical day like for you? A typical day involves a critical review of the Making Freedom curriculum as we work to digitize this pioneering work and make it accessible to a broader audience! Tell us about your background and what brought you to Primary Source. I am excited to join the Primary - [Susan Zeiger](https://primarysource.org/about-us/our-staff/susan-zeiger/) - What is a typical day like for you? Alongside my program team colleagues, I work every day to support of teachers. This often includes designing professional development experiences, creating curriculum, and curating resources that advance global learning in schools. The work I do is collaborative, creative, and deeply rewarding. Tell us about your background and what brought you to Primary Source. My - [Jill Stevens](https://primarysource.org/about-us/our-staff/jill-stevens-2/) - What is a typical day like for you?Well, since I am starting in the midst of a global pandemic I am not sure that anything is typical right now! But, I collaborate with the amazing team at Primary Source to write curriculum for a variety of projects and work to plan and organize engaging learning - [Judy Katz](https://primarysource.org/about-us/our-staff/judy-katz/) - What is a typical day like for you?My role is to advocate on behalf of our work and provide outreach to friends, supporters, and the general public. I spend my days communicating with our friends and other folks, strategizing how to best raise money, planning fundraising events, and generally maximizing donations to achieve our goals. Tell us about your background and what brought you to Primary Source.I have been an - [Deborah Cunningham](https://primarysource.org/about-us/our-staff/deborah-cunningham/) - What is a typical day like for you?Working with our talented staff to design programs and curriculum is a big part of what I do, and I also provide outreach to schools, funders, and other organizations that are committed to global learning. In various ways, I try to transform what I hear about teachers’ needs into services that are relevant - [Jennifer Boyle Nigro](https://primarysource.org/about-us/our-staff/jennifer-boyle-nigro/) - What is a typical day like for you?On a great day, I spend time in one of our programs learning about the world, meeting dynamic teachers, and being awed by our tremendous staff. I also get to talk with donors, foundations, and school partners who share my passion for high-quality education. Tell us about your - [William A. Flemer](https://primarysource.org/about-us/board/william-a-flemer/) - Bill retired in 2011, following a career in International Banking and Wealth Management. Bill worked for Fleet Boston and its predecessor organizations for 24 years, as a Vice President and Director in the bank's International/Multinational Divisions and Executive Vice President of Private Client Services. He went on to work as a Managing Director and Vice - [Mike MacEwen](https://primarysource.org/about-us/board/mike-macewen-2/) - Mike is the chief technology officer and co-founder of Beacon Interactive Systems, an award-winning software development company that he and his wife started over 19 years ago. Mike is also the chief technology officer and co-founder of a new startup, Knownbuy.com. Mike earned his BA at Georgetown University in international relations and holds an MBA - [Anne Watt, EdD](https://primarysource.org/about-us/board/anne-watt-edd/) - Co-founder of Primary Source, Anne joined the board in 2006 following 17 years of service to establish and grow the organization that she and Anna Roelofs started with a single workshop for teachers in 1989. Prior to this, Anne was an elementary and middle school teacher in New York, California, and Vermont. She led one ## Courses - [Making Freedom: African American History in the Modern Era, 1865 to the Present](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-freedom-winter/) - [Engaging Culturally & Linguistically Diverse Students & Families in Elementary Schools. Spring '27 course](https://primarysource.org/courses/engaging-culturally-linguistically-diverse-students-families-in-elementary-schools-spring-course/) - [Elementary: Fostering Dialogue & Inquiry in Elementary](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-winter-es2/) - [Beyond 1898: Empire, Resistance and the Legacies of U.S. Expansion](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-beyond-1898/) - A one-day program for high school teachers, held at Bentley University. - [Engaging Culturally & Linguistically Diverse Students & Families in Elementary Schools. Fall'26 course](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-retell-elem-spring/) - [Grade 7: Implementing Investigating History — A Comprehensive Online Course](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-ih-grade7/) - [Grade 6: Implementing Investigating History — A Comprehensive Online Course](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-ih-grade6/) - [Grade 5: Implementing Investigating History — A Comprehensive Online Course](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-ih-grade5/) - [Investigating History Grade 4 Unit Courses (Modules)](https://primarysource.org/courses/investigating-history-grade-4-unit-courses-modules/) - [Investigating History Grade 3 Unit Courses (Modules)](https://primarysource.org/courses/investigating-history-grade-3-unit-courses-modules/) - [Investigating History Grade 6 Unit Courses (Modules)](https://primarysource.org/courses/investigating-history-grade-6-unit-courses-modules/) - [Investigating History Grade 7 Unit Courses (Modules)](https://primarysource.org/courses/investigating-history-grade-7-unit-courses-modules/) - [Investigating History Grade 5 Unit Courses (Modules)](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-ih-modules/) - [Secondary Equipping Students with Inquiry & Media Literacy Skills for Civic Learning](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-spring-hs4/) - [Secondary: Powerful Pedagogies for Civic Learning](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-spring-hs1/) - [Elementary: Establishing Teaching Practices for Civic Learning](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-spring-es5/) - [Elementary: Civic Action & Reflection in Elementary Classrooms](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-spring-es7/) - [Civics Project: Equity-Focused Strategies for Student-Led Civics Projects](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-spring-ms6/) - [Civics Project: Facilitating Research and Community Engagement in the Student-Led Civics Project](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-spring-ms4/) - [Secondary: Fostering Dialogue, Participation, and Belonging in Civic Classrooms](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-fall-hs3/) - [Civics Project 101: Getting Started](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-fall-ms2/) - [Secondary: Media Literacy & Civic Reasoning in High School Classrooms](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-winter-hs2/) - [Elementary: Building Communities Through Civic Participation & Inquiry](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-civics-fall/) - [Civics Project: Developing Research & Media Literacy Skills in the Student-Led Civics Project](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-tce-winter-ms3/) - [Engaging Culturally & Linguistically Diverse Students & Families in Secondary Schools. Fall'26 course](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-retell-elem-fall/) - [Boston-Area Hybrid Book Group: ‘This Is What Magic Does’: Curses and Charms in New Global Fiction](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-book-magic/) - This is a moment when all of us could use a little magic! In this five-session book discussion series, we'll explore contemporary novels in which curses and charms are more than supernatural forces—they are legacies handed down within families, shaping the characters' relationships, choices, and sense of self. Together we'll read stories that are tricky,… - [Teaching Africa in the K–2 Classroom: Picture Books, Maps, Geography, and Belonging](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-teaching-africa-k2/) - The 2018 Massachusetts History and Social Science Framework encourages even our youngest learners to explore the wider world through geography, stories, culture, and the experiences of diverse communities. In collaboration with Boston University's African Studies Center, this program will explore engaging, developmentally appropriate approaches to teaching about Africa in the elementary classroom. Participants will explore… - [Navigating Democracy & Diversity in Modern India](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-india-spring/) - [Indigenous Expressions](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-indigenous-spring/) - [Engaging Culturally & Linguistically Diverse Students & Families in Secondary Schools. Spring '27 Course](https://primarysource.org/courses/engaging-culturally-linguistically-diverse-students-families-in-secondary-schools-spring-27-course/) - [Power and Protest: Latin America in the Long Twentieth Century](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-latinamerica-winter/) - [Empire, Emancipation & Migration: The US in the 19th Century World](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-empire-winter/) - [Dynamic Societies of Ancient & Medieval Africa](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-africa-medieval-winter/) - [Virtual Book Group: Food for Thought: Cuisine as Connection in Global Literature](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-book-food/) - Our identities, memories, and roots are so often tied to the food we eat, the food we were raised on, the food we long for. The books in this series explore the rich histories connected to flavors and cuisine from around the world. A fully virtual program, open to any educator in grades K–12. Resources… - [The Enduring Legacy of Ancient China](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-china-fall/) - [Sustainability Education as a Foundation for K-12 Curriculum](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-sustainability-seminar/) - How can all educators, regardless of grade level and subject, become sustainability educators? This online seminar, led by the EarthRise creative team at SUNY New Paltz, will share approaches used by teachers from the elementary to the high school grades, and the physical and biological sciences to the humanities and arts. The session will focus… - [Global Understanding in Action](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-global-fall/) - [Persia to Iran: History, Politics and Visual Culture of a Civilization in the Headlines](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-persia-iran/) - As the U.S. wages war in Iran and President Trump threatens to destroy its civilization, how much do students know about Persia/Iran, one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations? This program begins in the ancient period with Achaemenid Persia (550–330 B.C.E.), examining Persian ingenuity, political culture and history as we understand it through the historical… - [Ancient Maritime History, East and West](https://primarysource.org/courses/sy-2026-2027-ancient-maritime/) - A DESE Content Course exploring maritime history across East and West. - [The Worlds of Oceania and Southeast Asia](https://primarysource.org/courses/the-worlds-of-oceania-and-southeast-asia/) - This self-paced online mini-course offers 7th grade social studies teachers (or any interested educator) an introduction to the geography, settlement, material cultures and innovations of early Pacific societies. Each session is designed with preparatory readings, viewings and teachable resources that participants examine prior to watching a 90-minute scholar presentation. Session 1 highlights the history of - [Africa: The Vibrant Continent](https://primarysource.org/courses/africa-the-vibrant-continent/) - The African continent is home to a multitude of diverse and vibrant histories, cultures, and political landscapes. In this independent and self-paced online course we will examine these rich African worlds thematically, exploring resistance and resilience, innovation and identity, historical memory and representation, and hope and healing. This self-paced multimedia experience is anchored by Primary Source’s - [Thinking Like a Historian: Primary Sources for Primary Students](https://primarysource.org/courses/thinking-like-a-historian/) - How can we use digitized primary sources to bring history to life for primary students? This 4-week asynchronous online course introduces elementary educators to exciting instructional practices for their social studies lessons, with a content focus on immigration. Immigration and the development of diverse ethnic communities in the United States are topics addressed in multiple - [The Multicultural History of Colonial & Revolutionary America](https://primarysource.org/courses/multicultural-history-of-colonial-revolutionary-america/) - How did British, Spanish, French, African, Indigenous people and others incorporate their cultural roots in the creation of a new society in the lands that became the United States? The 4-week asynchronous online course revisits key moments, movements and developments in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries to trace a more diverse story of the - [Remixes & Retellings: Diverse Writers Reimagine the Classics](https://primarysource.org/courses/remixes-retellings-diverse-writers-reimagine-the-classics/) - From Bridgerton to Wicked, retellings of classic myths and storylines are immensely popular with both adult and young adult readers. Often, these retellings bring diverse perspectives that differ from the original, and offer new and contemporary insights. Join our self-directed reading adventure this summer to experience fresh multicultural takes on old favourites. These retellings can - [SUMMER COHORT (Gr.6): Implementing Investigating History: A Comprehensive Online Course](https://primarysource.org/courses/summer-cohort-gr-6-implementing-investigating-history-a-comprehensive-online-course/) - This comprehensive asynchronous online course is designed for educators implementing the Investigating History curriculum in Grades 5, 6, or 7. Participants will engage deeply with the curriculum’s structure, inquiry-based approach, and core historical content through a dynamic blend of pre-recorded lectures, scholar presentations, primary source explorations, and practical instructional strategies.The course is facilitated, self-paced, and - [SUMMER COHORT (Gr.7): Implementing Investigating History: A Comprehensive Online Course](https://primarysource.org/courses/summer-cohort-gr-7-implementing-investigating-history-a-comprehensive-online-course/) - This comprehensive asynchronous online course is designed for educators implementing the Investigating History curriculum in Grades 5, 6, or 7. Participants will engage deeply with the curriculum’s structure, inquiry-based approach, and core historical content through a dynamic blend of pre-recorded lectures, scholar presentations, primary source explorations, and practical instructional strategies.The course is facilitated, self-paced, and - [Refresh the Magic: New & Notable Global Books for the Middle & Teen Reader](https://primarysource.org/courses/refresh-the-magic-new-notable-global-books-for-the-middle-teen-reader/) - Our popular summer global read is back – with all new titles! Let Primary Source catch you up with the best and brightest world-spanning titles for teen and middle grade readers. In this self-directed reading adventure, you will read four recent book-award winners – fantasy/myth, memoir, or realistic fiction – that spark curiosity and share - [SUMMER COHORT: Engaging Culturally & Linguistically Diverse Students & Families in Secondary Schools](https://primarysource.org/courses/summer-cohort-engaging-culturally-linguistically-diverse-students-families-in-secondary-schools-3/) - This online course provides a theoretical and practical foundation for culturally responsive teaching of English language learners in the secondary school setting. We will examine how young immigrant students experience school; the demographic and diversity profile of Massachusetts districts; cross-cultural communication and its implications for teaching and learning; and effective strategies for schools to engage - [SUMMER COHORT: Engaging Culturally & Linguistically Diverse Students & Families in Elementary Schools](https://primarysource.org/courses/summer-cohort-engaging-culturally-linguistically-diverse-students-families-in-elementary-schools-2/) - This online course provides a theoretical and practical foundation for culturally responsive teaching of English language learners in the elementary school setting. We will examine how young immigrant students experience school; the demographic and diversity profile of Massachusetts districts; cross-cultural communication and its implications for teaching and learning; and effective strategies for schools to engage - [SUMMER COHORT (Gr.5): Implementing Investigating History: A Comprehensive Online Course](https://primarysource.org/courses/summer-cohort-gr-5-implementing-investigating-history-a-comprehensive-online-course-2/) - This comprehensive asynchronous online course is designed for educators implementing the Investigating History curriculum in Grades 5, 6, or 7. Participants will engage deeply with the curriculum’s structure, inquiry-based approach, and core historical content through a dynamic blend of pre-recorded lectures, scholar presentations, primary source explorations, and practical instructional strategies.The course is facilitated, self-paced, and - [NEW: Beyond Gold Mountain: Asian American History for Eastern U.S. Classrooms](https://primarysource.org/courses/new-beyond-gold-mountain-asian-american-history-for-east-coast-classrooms/) - Beyond Gold Mountain is a survey course exploring Asian American historical narratives from pre-colonial America to modern times. Participants will examine the lives of early mariners, merchants, and laborers of Asian descent who helped shape Asian and Asian American neighborhoods across a nascent United States. The course will explore how harmful labels including the model - [Investigating History Unit Overview Modules (Grades 5-7)](https://primarysource.org/courses/ih-online-modules/) - Primary Source—the organization that authored the Investigating History curriculum for Grades 5–7—offers a comprehensive series of asynchronous online modules designed to support effective implementation of each unit. As the curriculum authors, we offer insightful, practical, and differentiated support that equips teachers with the tools, strategies, and confidence to teach Investigating History with clarity and purpose.These - [NEW: Indigenous Expressions: Literature and Arts in the Secondary Classroom - 4-Week Course](https://primarysource.org/courses/new-indigenous-expressions-literature-and-arts-in-the-secondary-classroom-4-week-course/) - Indigenous literature, art, and music highlight the diversity and activism of Native peoples in the United States and emphasize their continued influence in the world today. This course brings together works by Indigenous authors, artists, and musicians—spanning literature, music, and visual art—to explore the contemporary issues and complex histories shaping their communities, including sovereignty and - [NEW: Indigenous Expressions: Literature and Arts in the Secondary Classroom - (Part II) 2 Week Course](https://primarysource.org/courses/new-indigenous-expressions-literature-and-arts-in-the-secondary-classroom-part-ii-2-week-course/) - This course is a continuation of the Indigenous Expressions course that was offered in March 2026. In this session we will continue to meet authors, artists, and musicians who use their work to express their identities and share their perspectives on the contemporary issues and complex histories shaping their communities, such as sovereignty and land ## Event - [](https://primarysource.org/events/film-screening/) - Invisible Warriors: African American Women in WWII Film Screening & Discussion with Primary Source Date: Monday, November 18, 2024Time: 7:00pm - 9:00pmLocation: Landmark Kendall Square Cinema, 355 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 PARKING: $3.00 validated four-hour parking is available in the Kendall Square Parking Garage. (NOTE: Parking Garage no longer accepts cash.) The documentary film - [Flight to Freedom: An evening with best-selling author Ilyon Woo and Professor John Stauffer](https://primarysource.org/events/2024benefit/) - Opening Minds. Inspiring Change. Primary Source's Annual Spring Benefit Join us for an inspiring conversation with Ilyon Woo, Author, best-selling author of "Master Slave Husband Wife," and Professor John Stauffer, Harvard University. Thank Youto Our Generous Sponsors LEADER Meeks Charitable Foundation Rosemary & William PisanoAnne & John Watt CATALYST Hester Brooks ALLY Rosalie KerrGrant Rhode - [Rich Mosaic: Mt. Auburn Cemetery’s African American Heritage Trail](https://primarysource.org/events/rich-mosaic-mt-auburn-cemeterys-african-american-heritage-trail/) - Presentation and docent-guided tour Date: Saturday, September 17, 10am-12:30pmLocation: Bigelow Chapel, Mt. Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, MA Mount Auburn Cemetery Many thanks to those friends and supporters who shared a beautiful Saturday morning with us to learn about the diverse history of Mt. Auburn Cemetery and the importance of teaching accurate and inclusive U.S. history. We - [Film Premiere "Legacy of Courage: Black Changemakers in Massachusetts Past, Present, Future"](https://primarysource.org/events/film-premiere-legacy-of-courage-black-changemakers-in-massachusetts-past-present-future/) - Massachusetts prides itself on its legacy of abolitionism and on its current liberal, socially conscious values. However, this has not always been the case. This 20-minute film created by Long Road to Justice and produced by Northern Light Productions chronicles how African American activists in Massachusetts have used the legal system to pursue freedom and - [Add Some Pizazz at ZaZ](https://primarysource.org/events/add-some-pizzaz-at-zaz/) - Foods and Foodways in a Global World We are excited to announce that our event at ZaZ Restaurant was a wonderful success! We were joined by many people, both strong supporters of Primary Source as well as new friends to the organization for an evening of food and conversation around "Foods and Foodways in a ## News - [Flight to Freedom: An evening with Pulitzer prize-winning author Ilyon Woo and Professor John Stauffer](https://primarysource.org/news/flight-to-freedom/) - Primary Source's Annual Benefit Opening Minds. Inspiring Change. Thursday, April 4th, 2024 | 6 - 9 p.m. | The Allen Center, Newton, MA Ilyon Woo, author of Master Slave Husband Wife: An Epic Journey from Slavery to Freedom, and John Stauffer, Professor of English and of African and African American Studies at Harvard University. We - [Amplifying African American History Together](https://primarysource.org/news/amplifying-african-american-history-together/) - HistoryThon: Amplifying African American History Together, our fall campaign to amplify African American history, came to a close following six weeks of independent exploration and three in-person events. Many thanks to all of you who participated for making this year’s HistoryThon a success, either by joining us for our in-person events and/or by using our - [The Legacy Continues](https://primarysource.org/news/the-legacy-continues/) - We partnered with the nonprofit I Have a Future for our third and final in-person event associated with HistoryThon: Amplifying African American History Together! The event, Legacy of Courage Film Screening & Panel Discussion, took place on the evening of Thursday, November 2, 2023 at the Bruce C. Bolling Building in Roxbury, MA. Thank you - [A Primary Source Legacy: Remembering Clara Hicks](https://primarysource.org/news/a-primary-source-legacy-remembering-clara-hicks/) - Some readers may remember the Primary Source library at our previous Watertown location and the dedication plaque at its entry which read “In memory of Clara Hicks.” Although the collection was moved to Regis College, the memory of Clara Hicks lives on in the dedication to her in our sourcebook series Making Freedom: African Americans - [WATERTOWN, MA—Legacy of Courage Film Premiere Set to Advance Massachusetts Stories of Black Activism in the Commonwealth  ](https://primarysource.org/news/watertown-ma-legacy-of-courage-film-premiere-set-to-advance-massachusetts-stories-of-black-activism-in-the-commonwealth/) - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: October 19, 2022 Contact: Judith Katz, Director of Development, 617-804-2356, judy@primarysource.org What: World Premiere & Panel Discussion: “Legacy of Courage: Black Changemakers Past, Present, Future!” Free Admission Where: Framingham State University - The Forum at the McCarthy Center When: Thursday, October 27, 2022, at 7:00 PM Primary Source is proud to announce - [Culture from your couch: Protest Nation](https://primarysource.org/news/culture-from-your-couch-protest-nation/) - View this email in your browser Culture from your couch: Protest Nation In response to the current pandemic and physical distancing requirements, we are launching a new email series called “Culture from your couch." Whether you are a teacher putting together lesson plans, or a lifelong learner interested in global citizenship and the interconnections of - [Culture from Your Couch email series archive (2020)](https://primarysource.org/news/culture-from-your-couch-email-series-archive-2020/) - Culture from your couch: Summer suggestions for reading, listening, and watchingCulture from your couch: Countering coronavirus bias and racismCulture from your couch: Celebration of JuneteenthCulture from your couch: Understanding racism in AmericaCulture from your couch: History lessons from our national parksCulture from your couch: Wampanoag history, culture, and opportunity for activismCulture from your couch: Learning - [Opening Minds. Inspiring Change.](https://primarysource.org/news/opening-minds-inspiring-change/) - Annual Spring Benefit: March 26, 2020 At our annual spring benefit Opening Minds. Inspiring Change., this year reimagined as an online program, we explored the meaning of American radicalism and how the history of activism can inspire Courageous Citizenship. Dr. Timothy Patrick McCarthy, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, spoke to us - [Culture & Cuisine at Darryl's](https://primarysource.org/news/culture-and-cuisine-at-darryls/) - We celebrated our 30th anniversary with Culture & Cuisine at Darryl's by connecting with friends and colleagues while enjoying southern cuisine, live jazz, and a presentation by Malcolm Cawthorne, noted Brookline educator and METCO Coordinator, on Using African American History to Mobilize Student Activism. Through Malcolm's presentation (pictured on the right), we acknowledged that African American history is - [Thank you for joining us for "Opening Minds. Inspiring Change."](https://primarysource.org/news/1076-2/) - 24 September 2019 - [Thinking Like Historians with Bedford Elementary Educators](https://primarysource.org/news/bedford-elementary-teachers/) - 17 March 2014 When school districts reach out to us for consulting work they often have specific and targeted needs, and nothing pleases us more than to craft precisely the workshop they need. When Rob Ackerman, Principal at the Lane School in Bedford, approached us about bringing a program to their 3rd grade educators, his - [Promoting Global Competencies at The Winsor School](https://primarysource.org/news/winsor-school/) - 28 February 2014 At Primary Source, we're always thrilled to spend the day with educators hungry for global content so when Brian Didier, Head of Global Studies and History at the Winsor School, reached out to us about holding a global professional development day for the Winsor faculty, we jumped at the opportunity. A longtime - [Test News](https://primarysource.org/news/test-news/) - This is some test news ## Podcasts - [Research and Remedies: Africa’s History of Health and Healing](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/research-and-remedies-africas-history-of-health-and-healing/) - Africa has long been associated with disease and illness, at the expense of widespread recognition of the continent’s history with healing and medicine. Reports of malaria, yellow fever, ebola, and HIV from travelers, colonial personnel, and contemporary media have long eclipsed an understanding of the continent’s contributions to health and science from its herbal pharmacopeia - [Exhibiting Africa: Museums and the Politics of Repatriation, Reparation, and Restitution](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/exhibiting-africa-museums-and-the-politics-of-repatriation-reparation-and-restitution/) - Museums make the world of human creativity and expressiveness accessible to the public. It is through curation and display that museums play an important role in constructing meaning and understanding of Africa’s histories, societies, and belief systems. Throughout Europe and the United States, there are museums exhibiting material culture originating in Africa. Yet, the history - [Africans Outside Africa: Life in Diaspora Around the World](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/africans-outside-africa-life-in-diaspora-around-the-world/) - The study of Africa is not limited to one continent. Africa itself is entwined with the rest of the world through politics, cultures, foodways, and technologies. Also, over the course of centuries, African and African descendant people have taken root around the world. The story of the African diaspora intersects with the history and legacy - [Nubia on the Nile: African Civilization and the Racial Politics of Memory](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/nubia-on-the-nile-african-civilization-and-the-racial-politics-of-memory/) - Africa has been home to numerous states and civilizations for millennia. Along the Nile Valley – in modern-day Egypt and Sudan – is Nubia, the site of multiple complex and sophisticated political, military, artistic, and architectural achievements that are indigenous to Africa. However, Nubia has been the source of misunderstanding, forgetting, and erasure in the - [Healing the Nation: Seeking Truth and Justice in South Africa and Rwanda](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/episode-8-healing-the-nation-seeking-truth-and-justice-in-south-africa-and-rwanda/) - In the aftermath of violence and oppression, nations face the dilemma of confronting past suffering while also rebuilding and preventing future injustice. There is no formula for avoiding vengeance, soliciting forgiveness, and exacting truth and justice. However, recent history offers examples of societies that have navigated these quandaries. In the wake of apartheid in South - [Urban Effervescence: Youth Culture, City Space, and Afropolitan Projects](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/urban-effervescence-youth-culture-city-space-and-afropolitan-projects/) - There are over fifty cities throughout Africa with a population of more than one million inhabitants. However, urban spaces tend to be left out of America's collective imagination of the continent. Cities are cosmopolitan places where ideas circulate, people mix and mingle, trends are set, and influences of innumerable origins meld together. In this episode, - [Soundscapes of Protest: Music in Social Movements Across Africa](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/soundscapes-of-protest-music-in-social-movements-across-africa/) - Art and culture often intersect with politics and music has been a potent instrument of social movements. In this episode, we explore recent historical and contemporary examples of protest music throughout Africa as musicians and communities turned their creative talents towards anticolonial, antiapartheid, and anti-corruption campaigns. - [Interconnected Africa: Movements Across the Indian and Atlantic Ocean Worlds](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/interconnected-africa-movements-across-the-indian-and-atlantic-ocean-worlds/) - Africa’s global connections span millennia and have resulted in the development of sophisticated trade networks and cultural hybridity. In this episode, we examine two global systems of movement and exchange, focusing on the transport of material culture and goods in the Indian Ocean World and the transatlantic slave trade in the Atlantic World. - [Environmental Africa: Climate Change, Conservation, and Communal Cooperation](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/environmental-africa-climate-change-conservation-and-communal-cooperation/) - Climate change, habitat loss, and the endangerment of wildlife has brought about international interventions and conservation efforts throughout Africa. However, policies and programs are not without their problems. Throughout Africa, questions of environmental and climate justice are raised when communal lifestyles are threatened by initiatives that are not designed with a mindfulness of the needs - [African Women Shaping the Future: Leadership, Resilience, and Possibility](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/african-women-shaping-the-future-leadership-resilience-and-possibility/) - In the larger context of development in Africa, often criticized for its colonial underpinnings, African women demonstrate resilience and empowerment in ways that often go unrecognized.One visible form of empowerment is where women address community needs as leaders and visionaries. In this episode, we explore the intersection of race, gender, and work through stories of - [Ending the Scramble: Decolonization Across Africa](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/ending-the-scramble-decolonization-across-africa/) - African decolonization has a complex history, involving resistance against and liberation from European colonial subjugation. In this episode, we examine the political and cultural interplay between race, resistance, and decolonization across Africa while considering ways to teach about racism in classrooms today. - [What We Talk About When We Talk About Africa](https://primarysource.org/podcasts/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-africa/) - Africa has disparagingly been referred to as the “Dark Continent,” concealing the fullness and diversity of its history, culture, and humanity. In this episode, we explore stereotypes about Africa and begin the process of dispelling them by listening to underappreciated narratives, showcasing Africa’s vibrancy and global interconnectedness. We are joined by Barbara Brown, Boston University’s ## Course Types - [4-Week Online Courses](https://primarysource.org/course/4-week-online-courses/) - [IH Online Modules](https://primarysource.org/course/ih-online-modules/) - [Book Groups](https://primarysource.org/course/book-club/) - [One-Day Programs](https://primarysource.org/course/one-day-programs/) - [Free Webinars](https://primarysource.org/course/free-webinar/) - [IH School Year Online Courses](https://primarysource.org/course/self-guided-online-courses/) - [2 week online courses](https://primarysource.org/course/2-week-online-courses/) - [Summer 4 Week IH Comprehensive](https://primarysource.org/course/summer-4-week-ih-comprehensive/) - [Teaching for Civic Empowerment](https://primarysource.org/course/teaching-for-civic-empowerment/) ## Podcast Series - [Africa](https://primarysource.org/podcast/africa/)